园林景观的色彩设计研究

在园林景观设计中,色彩是其不可或缺的构成部分。在概述园林植物色彩基本知识及构成原则的基础上,分析目前园林景观色彩设计中存在的主要问题,探讨园林景观色彩设计的注意事项。     

国外贫困测度研究综述

贫困测度是研究贫困现象的重要依据。贫困测度首先涉及到如何划定贫困人群的问题,即如何划定贫困线。主要介绍了调查法、实证法、比较法和收入弹性法。贫困线划定后,贫困人群内部,贫困程度有所不同,这就涉及到贫困的测度。文中主要介绍了H指数、贫富差距和森指数。选取国外20世纪后半叶对这两方面问题的研究文献,指出研究的异同和不足,最后给出改进研究的建议。     

森林健康评价研究综述

森林健康评价问题是当今社会的核心话题,做好森林健康评价可为森林健康经营、生态环境治理及林业发展提供理论依据。本文结合我国森林现状对森林健康和森林健康评价的概念进行归纳,从经营、生态的角度分别阐述森林健康的特征,并提出综合型特征。建立评价指标体系是国内外研究森林健康的首要任务与难题,其中指标的选择应随目标不同而相应变化,对此总结我国在该方面最具代表性的研究成果。指标权重的确定和评价森林健康的方法较多,我国常将层次分析法与专家打分法相结合使用。最后提出现阶段我国进行森林健康评价时存在的问题,以及根据所出现的问题对森林的未来发展趋势进行分析。     

梁山慈竹生物生态学与培育技术研究进展

梁山慈竹是我国西南地区优良的笋材两用竹种。文中从生长特性、发笋成竹规律、生物量结构、生态因子、竹林水文效应、育苗技术、竹林抚育和土壤管理等几个方面,对梁山慈竹生物生态学特性与培育技术的研究现状进行了分析和总结,提出了未来研究的重点和方向。     

Using fishers' anecdotes, naturalists' observations and grey literature to reassess marine species at risk: the case of the Gulf grouper in the Gulf of California, Mexico

Designing fishing policies without knowledge of past levels of target species abundance is a dangerous omission for fisheries management. However, as fisheries monitoring started long after exploitation of many species began, this is a difficult issue to address. Here we show how the ‘shifting baseline’ syndrome can affect the stock assessment of a vulnerable species by masking real population trends and thereby put marine animals at serious risk. Current fishery data suggest that landings of the large Gulf grouper (Mycteroperca jordani, Serranidae) are increasing in the Gulf of California. However, reviews of historical evidence, naturalists’ observations and a systematic documentation of fishers’ perceptions of trends in the abundance of this species indicate that it has dramatically declined. The heyday for the Gulf grouper fishery occurred prior to the 1970s, after which abundance dropped rapidly, probably falling to a few percent of former numbers. This decline happened long before fishery statistics were formally developed. We use the case of the Gulf grouper to illustrate how other vulnerable tropical and semi‐tropical fish and shellfish species around the world may be facing the same fate as the Gulf grouper. In accordance with other recent studies, we recommend using historical tools as part of a broad data‐gathering approach to assess the conservation status of marine species that are vulnerable to over‐exploitation.     

Australian sperm whales from different whaling stocks belong to the same population

1. Understanding the factors driving population structure in marine mammals is needed to evaluate the impacts of previous exploitation, current anthropogenic threats, conservation status, and success of population recovery efforts.
2. Sperm whales are characterized by a worldwide distribution, low genetic diversity, complex patterns of social and genetic structure that differ significantly within and between ocean basins, and a long history of being commercially whaled. In Australia, sperm whales from the (International Whaling Commission assigned) southern hemisphere ‘Division 5’ stock were very heavily exploited by whaling.
3. The present study assessed the potential effects of whaling on the genetic diversity of sperm whales in Australia and the population genetic structure of these whales within a global context. A combination of historical and contemporary sperm whale samples (n = 157) were analysed across six regions, from south-eastern Australia (‘Division 6’ stock in the Pacific Ocean) to south-western Australia (‘Division 5’ stock in the Indian Ocean).
4. Sperm whales sampled from the ‘Division 5’ and ‘Division 6’ stocks belong to the same population based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analyses. Four novel sperm whale mtDNA haplotypes were identified in animals from Australian waters. Levels of genetic diversity were low in Australian sperm whales but were similar to those previously reported for populations in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
5. Given the genetic distinctiveness of sperm whales in Australian waters from other regions in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and the lack of recovery in population numbers, further scientific studies are needed to increase our understanding of population dynamics and the effectiveness of threat management strategies in this species.

     

葛兰西的“绝对历史主义”与当今和谐社会构建

葛兰西是西方马克思主义的主要代表人物之一，他在说明“实践一元论”的过程中提出了“绝对历史主义”，为马克思主义哲学的发展做出了重大贡献。但他的“绝对历史主义”思想过分强调人的主体性，把自然仅仅看作人类实践活动的对象，忽视了人与自然之间的辩证统一关系，是人类中心主义思想的一种表现。构建社会主义和谐社会，就必须摒弃葛兰西的“绝对历史主义”思想，正确处理人与自然的关系。     

文化诗学视域下王国维“境界说”之再思考

王国维“境界说”是中国近代文艺美学中一个重要概念，也是一个歧义重生的概念。把“境界”抽象地置入西方理论资源或机械地利用传统诗学来加以读解都无助其概念内涵的清理。我们既要注意 “境界”作为审美理想论审美价值判断的意义，又不可忽视特定的历史文化语境对“境界”概念所指的建构。这也符合利用文化诗学阐释王国维“境界说”方法论的要求与旨归。     

鄂尔多斯地区历史城市的城市平面组合和子城特征

结合文物资料和前人的研究成果,在2003～2007年多次野外实地考察的基础上,对我国农牧过渡带-鄂尔多斯高原及毗邻地区内209座历史城市的城市平面组合和子城进行了研究。鄂尔多斯高原及毗邻地区历史时期的城市平面组合形式大致可分为两种:独立组合式和相连并列式。汉代城市的子城周长大致符合晁错的设计规模;子城以偏于地势较高和利于防卫的城内一隅为最常见的形态;子城作为城市中枢系统衙署所在,在位置选择中要得到最好的防御保障。     

孔子史学思想研究

在孔子那里,“事”、“文”、“义”是史学三个必备的组成部分,“事”是史家对历史事件的选择和排比,“文”记载事件的文辞,“义”是贯穿始终的思想主线.文章从史家素养论和史学三要素这两个方面探讨研究孔子的史学思想.